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Hacking into cryptocurrency wallets.
A more pressing problem for ecosystem participants themselves is the hacking of
of cryptocurrency wallets, trading platforms and intermediary service platforms to steal cryptocurrency assets. One of the most notorious incidents was the hacking of the Japanese bitcoin exchange Mt.Gox, which until December 2013
Mt Gox was the world's largest exchange by transaction volume. In February 2014, it was discovered
In February 2014, it was discovered that more than $460 million worth of bitcoins had been secretly stolen from the exchange over the previous few years. THE MT. The Mt.Gox incident seriously undermined
confidence in bitcoin exchanges, and also contributed to the loss of the Japanese venue's
in terms of trading volume. In February 2015, about 19,000 bitcoins worth USD 5.1 million were stolen from Bitcoin exchanges. In February 2015, some 19,000 bitcoins worth $5.1 million were stolen from the Bitcoin exchange's e-wallets.
Bitstamp as a result of a hack of its system. Learning from similar incidents, many bitcoin wallet providers have begun offering customers the storage of
cryptocurrency assets on external hard drives (HDD, SSD) that are not connected to the Internet (a.k.a. virtual currency storage).
to the Internet (the so-called cold wallet system).
However, the use of cold wallets does not guarantee security either:
In February 2015, an attack stole 7,170 bitcoins from cold
wallets from the Chinese bitcoin exchange BTER2. The development of the market for cryptocurrency-oriented malware was commented on by experts from
Kaspersky Lab (KK) experts commented in 2014. Two types of malware tended to proliferate: for hacking and stealing cryptocurrency wallet files, and for secretly installing bitcoin mining applications on infected devices.
bitcoin mining applications on infected devices. In 2013, the LC estimated that the number of attacks targeting bitcoin assets more than doubled to 8.3 million incidents3.
The second group of risks associated with the use of cryptocurrencies is financial in nature. First and foremost is their high volatility. Since bitcoin has not been recognised as official tender anywhere in the world,
there is no official exchange rate for it in relation to other national currencies.
currencies. The exchange rate is determined by the market through trading on virtual bitcoin exchanges
virtual bitcoin exchanges and exchanges. As of 3 July 2015, the exchange rate of the world's leading
cryptocurrency stood at USD 257/1 BTC. The world's leading cryptocurrency was valued at USD 257/1 BTC and had a total capitalisation of USD 3.651 billion.
USD 3.651 billion. US$3.651 BILLION. While the mathematical model behind bitcoin technology makes it a deflationary currency, the cryptocurrency is affected by
many external factors, including the risks of prohibitive government
regulation. One example is the Chinese Central Bank's decision in December 2013 to tighten cryptocurrency circulation within the country, including
The Chinese Central Bank's decision in December 2013 to tighten cryptocurrency trading in the country, including banning banks from Bitcoin exchanges, led to the collapse of the Bitcoin exchange rate. In early December 2013, the cryptocurrency hit an all-time high of USD 1,214/1 BTC. The cryptocurrency hit an all-time high of $1,214/1 BTC in early December 2013.
By December 18, it had almost tripled to $458 per BTC. USD/1 BTC. The PRC's bank instruction, combined with a number of external factors, dropped bitcoin's global capitalisation by several billion USD in a couple of weeks4. However
high volatility, however, has never deterred a critical mass of market players from bitcoin. Cryptocurrencies emerged and evolved as a high-risk
cryptocurrencies emerged and developed as a high-risk instrument in demand by a specific community.
The third group of risks and threats includes the use of cryptocurrencies for illicit purposes, including trafficking in criminal services, money laundering
money laundering and terrorist financing. The specifics of cryptocurrencies in conducting
44 BLOCKCHAIN-LINKED: AN OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL CRYPTOCURRENCY REGULATORY EXPERIENCE
transactions avoid some of the forms of scrutiny used for conventional money transactions. Because transactions in the same bitcoin are generally anonymous, it is impossible to trace whether the sender
and the recipient of the funds are the same person. It is also difficult to determine whether there are two or three parties involved in the transaction, and which transaction is actually being conducted.
exchange of bitcoins for real currency or a payment from one party to
the other. In addition, the lack of a centralised transaction ledger makes it
it is difficult for government regulators to trace the origin of funds in the accounts of bitcoin owners.
A particular problem is the active symbiosis of the cryptocurrency industry with the so-called
Darknet (Shadow Internet), a system of anonymous communications based on the use of special software on top of the Internet, is a particular problem. A notable example is the use of bitcoin to make payments between
users of TOR (The Onion Router) sites5.
TOR is a system of proxy servers that allows the establishment of
Secure network connection, implemented as an anonymous network of virtual tunnels providing encrypted data transmission. TOR was developed at the US Navy Research Laboratory in the early 1990s,
But since 2002, it has been declassified and developed by a community of enthusiasts with the
The TOR was developed at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory in the early 1990s.